r 



v 



72.1. 



•'f/t, 



■ ttv 



°H 




INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

US L4v~*-v*c-. House of Representatives, 

COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL ARTS AND EXPOSITIONS, 

Washington, D. C, February 10, 1911, 11 o'clock a. m. 

The committee met at 11 o'clock a. m., Hon. William A. Koden- 
berg in the chair. 

The Chairman. This committee has been called to give certain 
gentlemen who are interested in H. R. 32176, introduced by Mr. How- 
land, an opportunity to be heard on the bill. While there is not a 
quorum of the committee present, we have an official stenographer 
with us, and the hearings will be taken down and made available for 
the use of the members of the committee. 

I will ask Mr. Howland, who introduced the bill, to designate the 
gentlemen who are to speak. Mr. Howland, I suppose, will speak 
first himself. 

STATEMENT OF HOST. PAUL HOWLAND, MEMBEE OF CONGEESS. 

Mr. Howland. Mr. Chairman, on behalf of the gentlemen who are 
here this morning to appear before the committee, we wish to express 
our thanks for the courtesy extended to us in giving us a hearing at 
this late hour in the session. 

The bill to which we specifically call your attention this morning 
is simply an authorization. It does not carry any appropriation. It 
authorizes an appropriation on two contingencies. Those contin- 
gencies are, first, that the city of Cleveland shall provide a stadium 
where these games are to be held, at the expense of the city of Cleve- 
land, without expense to the Federal Government. The second con- 
tingency is that the international committee, composed of representa- 
tives of the Olympic Gaines Commissions throughout the world, shall, 
at its meeting at Budapest, to be held in May, award the games to the 
United States. Unless both of those contingencies happen, then the 
authorization in this bill can never attach. It will be necessary for 
representatives of the United States to attend this meeting at Buda- 
pest and present the claims of the United States to this international 
committee. In order to afford them argument, and in order to en- 
able them to make a presentation of the claims of the United States, 
we want to show to the international committee that the United 
States has authorized an appropriation and recognized the interna- 
tional character of this proposed athletic contest. 

The situation in regard to the United States is simply this : So far 
as the athletic associations of the United States are concerned, the 
question of the place of holding the games in the United States has 
already been determined by the National Athletic Association of the 

79196— n 1 



Z INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

United States at its meeting held November 21, 1910. It is decided, 
so far as the United States are concerned, that the games shall be 
held in Cleveland. 

The Chairman. If they are held in this country ? 

Mr. Howland. Yes. The onh T proposition now is to get the inter- 
national committee, which meets at Budapest, to award the games 
to the United States. 

The details in connection with the history of the Olympic Gaines 
Association — not its early history, Mr. Chairman, but its recent his- 
tory, the history of its revival, as it might be called — will be pre- 
sented by Mr. George X. Schneider, secretary of the Olympic Games 
Commission, who will explain to the committee the steps that have 
been taken along the lines indicated. I now have the pleasure of 
introducing Mr. George X. Schneider, of Cleveland, who will address 
the committee. 

The Chairman. We shall be very glad to hear Mr. Schneider. 

STATEMENT OF MR. GEORGE N. SCHNEIDER, OF CLEVELAND, 

OHIO. 

Mr. Schneider. Mr. Howland has gone into details in regard to 
the preamble that has led up to our asking for this appropriation. 

I simply wish to say that I do not believe this committee, or, in 
fact, many of the people interested in amateur athletics in this 
country, realize the importance that amateur athletic sport and 
physical training is achieving in this country. 

Last year this country spent over $73,000.000 — those figures are 
secured authentically from various reliable sources — in the mainte- 
nance of various sports, such as baseball, tennis, golf, football, row- 
ing, and all the other things that go with clear amateur athletic 
sports. We have in this country to-day a permanent investment of 
$110,000,000 covering athletic property, baseball plants, athletic 
clubs, and so on. 

The Chairman. How much? 

Mr. Schneider. $110,000,000. 

These baseball plants, athletic clubs, golf links, tennis courts, yacht- 
ing associations, and the various forms of sport would be included 
in the competition to take place at this international Olympic. 

I might say that this international Olympic is set for every four 
years, and the date can not be advanced or set back a year. That has 
been decided years ago. It must be held in 1916. The various fea- 
tures in connection with the impetus that will be given to all athletic 
sports in this country by holding the games here will be covered by 
another gentleman who will follow me a little later in addressing the 
committee. 

I simply wish to say that it is impossible to overestimate the 
interest that these games would have to this country in connection 
with athletic training among our youth, in the way of furthering 
clean amateur athletic sports. Professionalism in no way enters into 
these competitions. They are simply competitions in the realm of 
amateur sports for cups and various trophies of that kind. 

I would like to give a brief review showing the magnitude of this 
subject. 



1 



*0^ ^ INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 3 

xCN .NX*" 

It is estimated that last year 30.000.000 people attended ball, games 
in this country alone. That shows the interest our country is taking. 

From the time our youth start in the public schools — Eev. Mr. 
Moran will address you, showing the trend of public thought along 
the line of physical training in their schools — up to the time they 
go to college/ the Young Men's Christian Associations and the 
Young Women's Christian Association gymnasiums, the athletic 
clubs, and other similar institutions accentuate the interest taken 
generally in amateur athletic sports. This tendency is so great that 
I think the time will come when that influence is bound to have 
national recognition, just as it has local recognition, through munici- 
pal playgrounds, and so on. The tendency all along indicates that 
the time lias come when we must have more attention paid to physi- 
cal training; and that could not in any way be more emphasized, or 
have a greater impetus given to it, than by having these international 
games come to the United States in 1916. The reason why Cleveland 
was decided upon at the national convention of the Amateur Ath- 
letic Union, held in New York on November 5, was that we are 
located practically within one night's ride of half of the population 
of the United States, and we also are within 15 to 20 hours' ride of 
50,000,000 people. The water sports in connection with these inter- 
national Olympic games — yachting, motor boating, and so on — are a 
very important item. We have Lake Erie within 500 yards of our 
business section. We have two or three natural locations for amphi- 
theaters which would be within 4 miles of our business center, with 
the best possible transportation facilities. Those are our natural 
and geographical advantages for the games. 

Another feature that I think the committee should take into con- 
sideration is this — the matter of international pride. We are going 
to have competition in getting these games. As I understand, Ger- 
manjr, Italy, and Russia have applied. They have filed applications, 
together with that of the United States, for these games. I think it 
should be a matter of national pride to us to try to bring the games 
to this country, because the United States proved at the London 
games that we have the best athletes, as we have the best of every- 
thing when we come to compete with European powers in any way. 
The interest taken in this country would be such that at least 2.000,000 
or 3,000,000 people would attend these games. 

It may be asked " How will you house these people ? How will 
you take care of them?" We have now in Cleveland a population of 
600,000, but we are growing at the rate of 40,000 people a year; so 
that will give us 800,000 people at least in 1916. These sports would 
cover, undoubtedly, six weeks. There will be weeks set aside for 
the water sports — yachting, motor boating, and so on — and people 
from all over the country who are interested in those things would 
come for that one week. The next week would be set aside, say, for 
automobiling, motor cycling, and aviation. That would attract an 
entirely different class of enthusiasts. In that way, in every week 
there would be a different line of competition on the program, which 
would give practically a floating attendance. So that in that way 
the problem of taking care of the people in Cleveland would be 
obviated in a way that would not be possible if all of the competitions 
had to be crowded into a single week. 



4 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

These games have been held once in the United States, in 1904, 
at St. Louis. In 1908 London had them. In 1912 Stockholm, Sweden^ 
will have them. 

The idea of the international Olympic commission in having this 
meeting a year previous to the 1912 Olympic is to give whatever 
country shall be awarded these games an opportunity to send a com- 
mittee to Stockholm to familiarize themselves with the manner and 
method of conducting the games, which will be a big advantage. 

The Chairman. Let me ask you a question. What is the member- 
ship of this Amateur Athletic Union in the United States ? 

Mr. Schneider. The Amateur Athletic Union covers every State 
in the Union. All amateur athletic organizations — that is, clubs in 
the various other forms — are affiliated with that organization. -It 
is the parent organization of amateur athletics in the United States. 

The Chairman. Do you know the membership, approximately ? 

Mr. Schneider. They have registered with them 22,000 adult 
athletes. New York alone has what thej^ call a public-school athletic 
association, which has affiliated with it 150,000 school children. That 
is just one. These games are conducted under the auspices of the 
amateur athletic union, thus showing the wide scope of the. organiza- 
tion. 

Mr. Nelson. Are you familiar with the conditions in the local 
States? 

Mr. Schneider. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Nelson. In Wisconsin, what athletic associations are affiliated 
with this organization? 

Mr. Schneider. The Milwaukee Association, and a number of 
minor organizations. I had a letter sajung they would be glad to 
lend their aid. 

Mr. Nelson. Only the Milwaukee Athletic Club ? 

Mr. Schneider. No; there are a number of them. 

The Chairman. We would like an idea as to the national scope of 
the organization. 

Mr. Schneider. A gentleman who will follow me will give the 
statistics in regard to that. It seems that the time is ripe when the 
United States should have these international games, for the reason 
that we have the best facilities to take care of them, the interest is 
greater here than in any other country in clean amateur athletic 
sports, and when these games come here we will hold them in a way 
that will give honor to our country. Our athletes will give an account 
of themselves. It is a movement in line with the interest being taken 
in amateur athletic sports throughout this country and this move- 
ment would receive the greatest stimulus from holding these inter- 
national games in the United States. 

Mr. Langley. We had them here in 1904, did we not ? 

Mr. Schneider. At St. Louis; yes. 

Mr. Langley. Would it not be rather difficult for us to get them 
again ? 

Mr. Schneider. I think not, for this reason; because of the great 
interest being taken in amateur athletics in this country, and because 
of the fact that our athletes have been so prominent in competition at 
London, and on account of the strong team that we will send to 
Stockholm. We will have some contest on hand nndoubtedlv, in order 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 5 

to secure the games for this country ; but I think we have a splendid 
chance of getting them. 

The Chairman. You said the games were held in St. Louis in 1904. 
Were they successful? 

Mr. Schneider. They were successful from the standpoint of 
attendance ; yes, sir, at the St. Louis Exposition. 

The Chairman. Did the Government at that time give them any 
aid? 

Mr Schneider. The games were, held incidentally to the exposition 
held at St. Louis. 

The Chairman. I do not recall the circumstances now, and I want 
to know whether there was any part of the appropriation that was 
made for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition set apart for this 
purpose ? 

Mr. Schneider. I do not know whether it was specifically a part 
of the appropriation that was set aside, but some of it was used for 
those games — quite an amount of it. 

The Chairman. Is there any way that you could get that informa- 
tion definitely for this committee? 

Mr. Schneider. Undoubtedly ; we can get it. 

Mr. Schlobohm. There was a document or pamphlet issued by the 
department of physical culture in connection with the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, and I think it is contained in that late report 
of the Louisiana Exposition. I will look it up. 

The Chairman. The official report? 

Mr. Schlobohm. Yes. 

Mr. Covington. Is there any one here representing your associa- 
tion who would be prepared to discuss the question whether the 
Federal Government has any constitutional authority to make an 
independent appropriation for holding a purely athletic gathering of 
this kind. That is a serious proposition in connection with all finan- 
cial appropriations and bills of that sort. I think that is what the 
chairman was driving at. Was there any specific appropriation in 
the Louisiana Purchase appropriation set aside for the definite use 
of athletic games? Was there an appropriation bill, which, when it 
left Congress, carried with it a specific provision that a certain 
number of hundreds of thousands of dollars of money should be 
used for the maintenance of games? 

I am not asking that in a hostile spirit. I am pretty actively in- 
terested in athletics myself; but I do want to know that, because I 
think it is an important matter in (his connection. 

Mr. Howland. The question suggested by Mr. Covington, of Mary- 
land, opens up a very broad question which I would prefer not to 
take up now ; perhaps because I am not prepared. 

Mr. Covington. I do not want to urge it; but we would probably 
have to have that information before we get through thrashing the 
bill out. 

Mr. Howland. I would say, in passing, that we do provide by 
appropriation for the cultivation of wheat, and we do provide money 
for the killing of the boll weevil and things like that, large sums 
of money annually, and it would strike me, if these appropriations 
are warranted under the Constitution, that an appropriation to culti- 
vate an improved brand of young manhood ought also to be permis- 
sible. [Laughter.] 



6 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

Mr. Xelsox. What you want of this committee is authorization ! 

Mr. Schneider. An authorization is all we are asking for. 

Mr. Nelson. What you want is finally the appropriation. You 
want an authorization from this committee '. 

Mr. Schneider. Yes. 

Mr. Nelson. It is not merely, then, the sanction of the Congre-^ or 
anything of that kind? 

Mr. Rowland. No; we want an authorizaton of this committee on 
which we can base an application for an appropriation when certain 
contingencies have happened. 

Mr. Nelson. And this money is to be used to defray expen- 

Mr. Howeand. Yes. 

Mr. Nelson. At Cleveland? 

Air. Howeand. Yes : transporting these athletes from Germany. 
France, and England, and so on. All that has to be paid. 

Mr. Xelson. How much admission do you charge on occasions 
like that \ 

Mr. Howeand. I do not know the detail-. 

Mr. Nelson. Would not that be self-sustaining \ 

Mr. Howland. If it is. then the appropriation never will be spent. 

Air. Schlobohm. The receipts for the attendance are affected by 
the fact that for the swimming, rowing and boating, and all of the 
outdoor sports, aviation, and so on. you can not charge an admission: 
and the same is true of the Marathon race, that 500.000 people saw 
in England. You can not get a dollar for those things, because they 
are out where everybody can see them. 

Mr. Xelson. Do you know whether foreign countries in which 
the games have been held have appropriated moneys to a^d them ? 

Mr. ScHLC'EOHAt. I could not answer that. 

You spoke about the appropriation for St. Louis. They had to 
spend a part of their appropriation for erecting the stadium there, 
and they built a large gymnasium on the exposition grounds that was 
left there for the use of some college. It was -aid at the time to be 
the finest equipped gymnasium in the world. 

The Chairman. The question Mr. Xelson propounded just now is 
a very important one. and there should be some one present who can 
answer that. 

Air. Howland. I wish to introduce a letter received from Gov. 
Harmon, of Ohio, to whom the association is applying for as-i-tance. 
AYe expected him to be here to-day in advocacy of this proposition. 
Our representatives were received very enthu.-ia>tically by the gov- 
ernor. I will introduce this letter and ask that it be printed in the 
record. It reads as follows: 

State of Ohio. Executive Department. 

Columbus, February c>. mil. 
Dear Mr. Schneider: 

Pteph-m? to your kind letter of the 4th instant. I am very sorry that I shall 
not be able to go to Washington with you. However, you may say to everybody 
who would care to know it that I am heartily in sympathy with your movement, 
as I told you when I saw you here. 

Very truly, yours, Judson Harmon. 

Mr. Geo. A. Schneider. 

tary Cleveland OUhi>i>i>- Commission, Cl\ Ohio. 



i 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 7 

Mr. Howland. The city of Cleveland has appointed an Olympic 
games commission to take care of the Cleveland end of this proposi- 
tion. It is to provide a stadium without expense to the Federal Gov- 
ernment, a stadium which will have to accommodate 50,000 or 
60,000 people: and to explain that phase of the situation I will 
introduce Mr. Henry R. Gall, of Cleveland, secretary to the mayor. 

STATEMENT OF HENRY R. GALL, OF CLEVELAND. 

Mr. Gall. One of the provisions of this bill is that Cleveland 
shall provide a stadium for the games. The city council at its last 
meeting adopted a resolution in which it gave its moral support or 
the moral support of the city of Cleveland to that proposition. But 
it is impossible, under our local regulations and laws, to make any 
appropriation at this time, until we are assured that the game will 
come to the city. 

Public sentiment is very much aroused, and the sentiment there is 
overwhelmingly in favor of an appropriation of that kind by the 
city. The resolution which was adopted by the city council I have 
here, and it reads as follows: 

Whereas an Olympic games commission has been appointed by the mayor of 
the city of Cleveland to carry into effect the resolution adopted by the national 
convention of the amateur athletic union of the United States at a meeting 
held in the city of New York on November ,21. 1910, designating Cleveland as 
the next place within these United States as the city to entertain the Sixth 
International Olympic Games contingent upon their being awarded to the 
United States; and 

Whereas all the civilized countries throughout the world are taking a more 
active interest in athletics and Olympic commissions are maintained in the 
United States. Germany, England, France, Austria, Belgium, Cuba, Denmark, 
Egypt, Spain. Hungary, Italy, Norway, Russia. Roumania, Switzerland, Aus- 
tralia, and Turkey ; and 

Whereas the holding of the Olympic games in the United States will be an 
event of international importance and would create a widespread interest in 
athletics generally and give an impetus to athletic training ; and 

Whereas 3,000 of the world's greatest athletes would contend at these games 
for honor, and the games would be attended by hundreds of thousands of visi- 
tors from all parts of the world; and 

Whereas the International Olympic Commission has decided to inaugurate a 
series of five art competitions which will be a new, and should prove a most 
A^aluable and interesting feature, at the Sixth Olympias in 1916, these being 
along the lines of sculpture, architecture, painting, music, and literature, for 
works inspired by athletic sport and physical progress ; and 

Whereas the International Olympic Commission having the ultimate decision 
as to the place where the games shall be held meets at Budapest, Hungary, on 
May 20, 1911 ; and 

Therefore he it resolved by the council of the city of Cleveland, That the 
efforts of the mayor and the commission appointed by him to bring the 
Olympic games to Cleveland are hereby cordially approved and indorsed. 

Our engineering department is now preparing plans for a location 
for the stadium, and the public word of the city and the mayor and 
the officials of the city is given to raise this money necessary to 
meet all local expenses ; and, as Mr. Schneider has explained, the city 
is in every way equipped to take care of the attendance that may 
come to the games. 

I do not think there is anything that I can add, except to empha- 
size the fact that Cleveland is ready and anxious to do its full part 



8 INTERNATIONAL OLYAIPIC GAMES. 

in meeting all expenses incident to the games, outside of the ex- 
penses of people from foreign countries. 

Me. Howlaxd. I will next introduce to the committee Rev. Francis 
T. Moran, rej)resenting the national Catholic educational association. 

STATEMENT OF REV. FRANCIS T. MOHAN, OF CLEVELAND. 

Rev. Morax. Judging from the trend of the remarks that have 
been so far made I am impressed that there may be considerable 
repetition, and I am reminded somewhat of the experience that a 
speaker had when he was addressing an audience in which there was 
an Irishman present : and when he got through, after having put 
them solemnly to sleep, the Irishman was the lone auditor that was 
awake, and the speaker came to him seeking consolation, and said 
to him : 

I notice that you took in very carefully what I had to say. What is it 
that impressed you most? 
The Irishman replied : 
Tour perseverance. 
The speaker said: 
How is that? 
The Irishman replied : 
Why. the way you kept repeating the same thing over and over again. 

[Laughter.] 

I do hope that we shall not repeat what has been said, and yet I 
am afraid that I will, and undoubtedly those who will come after 
me will be saying some of the tilings that have been said by me. 

The primary consideration of government, it would seem to me. is. 
as Mr. Howland said, to cultivate men and women : and the purpose 
of athletic organizations is to help in this. 

I am concerned more, of course, about the moral side of the men 
and women, and yet moral and physical well-being are somewhat 
closely related. It has been said that a sound mind should accom- 
pany a sound body: and I believe that, as cleanliness i- next to godli- 
ness, so also a good physical man is the best preparation for a good 
moral man. There need not necessarily be a connection, but there 
is apt to be a connection. 

At any rate, when you have provided a good, clean physical man 
you have laid the foundation for a high standard of morality: and 
if it does not follow, it is his own fault. 

We find that at the present time people have awakened very much 
to the necessity of physical development. All our educators have 
taken ujd that idea, and they are working on it. not only in the public 
schools, but also in the parochial schools. 

As has been said. I have the honor to be connected with the Catho- 
lic Educational Association in an official capacity, which holds its 
conventions annually, and which speaks for perhaps more than 
1,000.000 Catholic school children : to be precise, about a million and 
a quarter. 

TYTiile our means are not as large as we would desire to carry on 
the work that we have in view, still we try as far as possible also to 
encourage clean athletics. In our colleges, of course, that is done, 
the same as in other colleges, and practically without going to excess. 
In the city of New York, as has been remarked, there are 600 public 






INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 9 

schools ; there are 24 districts ; and altogether there is a membership 
of 150,000 scholars in the association. 

It has been found that these scholars are benefited very much in 
their studies because of their devotion to the athletic side of educa- 
tion. It is made a premium for the scholar in his class work to be 
allowed to take part in athletics. Those who fall below a certain 
standard are not allowed to engage in athletics. They must qualify 
in their studies before they are permitted to participate in the ath- 
letics. It has been found, as a matter of experience, that some 80 
per cent of them who attended in this way have received the neces- 
sary percentage at school to qualify them for membership in the 
athletic association. 

Where scholars fall behind in their studies it has been found that 
it is an incentive to them, to spur them on to renewed activity, to 
hold before them this membership, that they may participate in the 
games. 

The establishment of departments of hygiene has become common 
in all the schools, as you gentlemen are aware, and wherever it is 
possible, of course, even aside from the physiological class, there is 
being taught the essentials for the care of the body, the care of the 
teeth, the care of the eyes, and then, beyond that, the development of 
the muscles. 

All this would seem to argue, in line with what I said in the begin- 
ning, that people are becoming awake to a realization of the neces- 
sity of a full development of manhood if we are to have the best 
citizenship. What we are all concerned in is a high standard of 
citizenship. 

It would appear that the holding of athletic games such as are 
proposed at this time, this Olympiad in our State, or, to make it 
general, in the United States, would immediately center the attention 
of all our educators and of all people in general upon this important 
subject, and that it will arouse an enthusiasm at this time, which 
would seem to be the psychological moment for it. The whole coun- 
try would discuss the meeting, and many of our children would vie 
with the older athletes in competition, in order that they might come 
up to the standard that would fit them afterwards, perhaps, for par- 
ticipation in such games themselves. We have all seen the example 
of the playing of ball, and what an effect it has had upon the rising 
generation. Go to any vacant lot in our cities and you will find 
young America there cultivating the playing of ball. I suppose, 
really, that there is no healthier, cleaner sport than ball. And what 
is true of ball is true of athletics in general. Those who are engaged 
in the sport have their minds free from contaminating influences. 
The cultivation of athletic sports which are uplifting is a power 
for good antagonistic to the propagation of influences which are 
contaminating. 

In connection with what I am saying it may be of interest to call 
attention to the fact that the International Olympic Commission has 
decided to inaugurate a series of five art competitions, which will be 
new and should prove a most valuable and interesting feature at the 
Sixth Olympiad in 1916. These will be along the lines of sculpture, 
architecture, painting, music, and literature for works inspired by 
athletic sports and physical progress. So that you see the purpose 



10 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

such a meeting has in view is comprehensive ; it does not simply mean 
physical development, but it means development along artistic lines. 

The old Greek understood well the value of manhood. The 
stadium of Greece, near the river Eleusis. or the stream Eleusis. as it 
is at the present time, was the center of their highest development of 
citizenship, and there the athletes of the country came and contended. 

If we want to have a citizenship that shall be strong and virile, 
that shall be able to meet the contingencies of the times, we must 
develop something beyond the factory product. We should develop 
that which tends toward the highest instincts of man. And it seems 
to me that a meeting such as we have in view would do a great deal 
to advertise this movement and to cause the country to take an interest 
in it. 

Mr. Howland. I will next introduce ex-Mayor John H. Farley, of 
Cleveland, avIio will address the committee. 

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN H. FARLEY, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO. 

Mr. Farley. I do not know whether there is anything for me to 
say to the committee on the subject after the able talks you have had 
from the other gentlemen present. Oratory is not in my line. I 
never had the disease [laughter], but, as a lifelong citizen of Cleve- 
land, I do not like to have this proposition put on the narrow groimds 
that we are representing Cleveland. While I have a great love for 
my native city, I feel that this is a bigger question. I would not 
come here on such narrow grounds as that. But as a citizen of the 
United States, our great old Republic, that has not been a failure for 
a moment of its existence, notwithstanding we have attacks of refor- 
mation and muckraking and the like [laughter], I come before you in 
behalf of this proposition as a broad question, one in which the entire 
country is interested. 

And there is another side of it that might interest you all that I do 
not think has been dwelt upon. Of course a statesman never has his 
ear to the ground. I have fooled around a little in politics in my 
life, and I know that a statesman never has his ear to the ground, but 
the newspaper people keep their ears to the ground pretty closely. 
They know where the dollars come from when they cultivate sub- 
scriptions and patronage, and I want to call your attention to the 
fact that there is not a large daily paper in the United States printed 
to-day without two or three pages every day devoted to these sports 
or pastimes. It is the recreation and pastime of the people. The 
subject must be one of great interest to the people at large, or that 
sort of space would not be devoted to it by that class of business 
which keeps its ear close to the ground. Our State, we have assur- 
ances, will aid in the matter. A joint resolution is about to be intro- 
duced, or has been introduced, to set aside an appropriation — provid- 
ing we succeed in bringing these games to this country — an appro- 
priation of $50,000. We expect it will cost us from $150,000 to 
$200,000 to make the necessary preparation to do credit to the meeting. 

I want to say again that I feel that it is not a Cleveland measure. 
Cleveland simply went into the contest with the other cities and, for 
various reasons, logical or otherwise. Avon out. It is now a question 
of whether the United States shall have these games or whether 
some other country shall have them in 1916. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 11 

The pastime feature of it is worth consideration — fostering out- 
door, healthful pastime; not necessarily making athletes of every- 
body. You know how our population turns out for these healthful 
pastimes. I would not be surprised if some. of you gentlemen would 
take a sneak from the public office occasionally to see a ball game and 
the like. [Laughter.] 

The Chairman. As a rule, we have difficulty in keeping a quorum 
of the House when there is an interesting series of ball games being 
played. [Laughter.] 

Mr. Farley. You get out there in the air, and get a rest ; and this 
outdoor pastime or recreation is a splendid thing. 

Again, there is a greater necessity to-day for this sort of develop- 
ment, through the medium of athletic games, by reason of the lack 
of the old-fashioned exercises that people used to get. For instance, 
you have the telephone. It may grow you a big ear, but it will not 
develop your legs any. There is the "lift," as you call it, and you 
do not have to climb upstairs any more. You take a taxicab and 
a street car instead of walking, and the people are not exercising or 
developing as they were at an earlier date, making this sort of thing 
necessar}^ and desirable, and making it require the attention of those 
who are interested in the welfare of humanity generally. 

That is about all I have to say on the subject, generally. I thank 
you. 

Mr. Howland. Mr. Chairman, I would be glad to have my col- 
league, Congressman Cassidy, address the committee. 

STATEMENT OF HON. J. H. CASSIDY. 

Mr. Cassidy. I do not know that I have anything special to add to 
the record at this time, except to call the attention of the committee 
to the fact that the city of Cleveland, where the great burden of 
conducting this Olympiad will fall, is heartily, thoroughly, and 
strongly interested in this matter, and I am sure will do its part. 

I was very much impressed by the remarks of Mr. Farley, calling 
attention to the fact that probably in the early days they had oppor- 
tunities for physical development that we do not have at the present 
time. I think that the mere appearance of Mr. Farley at this time 
shows what they could do in the earlier days in the way of growing 
good-sized, strong men. 

The interest taken in the Olympic games at London in 1908 by this 
country, I think emphasized very strongly the interest that would be 
taken in other parts of the world in the Olympic games to be held 
in the United States in 1916. At that time, you know, the people all 
over the United States were interested in those games in London. 
We followed them very closely, because of the great success of the 
American athletes there. And I am quite sure that if the games are 
held here in 1916, the attention of the other parts of the civilized 
world will be directed to the United States ; that their attention will 
be called quite as strongly to us as ours was in 1908 to the London 
games. And so the matter of calling the attention of the world to 
the supremacy and the prowess of the United States in athletics will 
be advanced by the action of this committee. 

I want to add my word of indorsement to this bill, and I sincerely 
trust that the committee will report the bill favorably and very soon ? 



12 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

so that we may have an opportunity to secure the favorable action of 
the Congress at this session. 

Mr. Howland. I will next introduce Mr. William Schlobohm. 

STATEMENT OF MR. WILLIAM SCHLOBOHM. 

Mr. Howland. State your official connections, please, for the infor- 
mation of the committee, Mr. Schlobohm. 

Mr. Schlobohm. I am a member of the Metropolitan Association 
of the A. A. U. 

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I would like to try 
to add and to emphasize the world-wide attention that is given to ath- 
letics in connection with the Olympic games. The first Olympic 
games were held in 776 B. C, and they were continued for about 
1,000 years, when they were dropped. 

The first revival was held in 1896, at Athens. Those games were 
attended by royal heads from all over Europe. Seventy- four events 
were held and 901 entrants from all parts of the world participated. 

The final result, if you count all the events, including athletics, 
lawn tennis, and so on, were : France first, with 92 points ; England 
got 78; Greece 76; the United States 75; Germany 46; Italy 45; 
Switzerland 35 ; Denmark 25. Those results counted shooting, wrest- 
ling, weight lifting, and so forth. However, considering just the 
athletic events, the United States swept the boards, getting 11 firsts 
and 5 seconds out of 23. 

The Chairman. Including what sort of events ? 

Mr. Schlobohm. Running, jumping, and weight throwing. But 
in the wrestling and shooting and lawn tennis, and so forth, the 
other countries had sent complete teams, whereas the United States 
only was able to specialize. 

The revival of 1900 was held in' Paris. It seems that in France 
they did not take much interest in connection with it, and they never 
do when it is in connection with a great exposition; but there were 
22 events held there, with 500 entrants from all over the world, and 
the United States there won 17 events of the 22. 

The 1904 revival was held in St. Louis, at which place over 390 
different events were contested. Some were closed to Americans and 
others were just for Indians and Filipinos and were closed to differ- 
ent foreign countries. But then they had also the international 
championships. They had 22 events, in which the United States 
won 20, Canada 1, and Greece 1. 

In 1908 the revival was held in England. There were 115 athletic 
events of every description — running, jumping, weight throwing, 
archery, gymnastics, and so forth. There were 1,893 different com- 
petitors. They came from all parts of the world. The United King- 
dom had 513; France, 216; Sweden, 169; the United States, 148; 
Holland, Italy, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, Germany, Canada, Nor- 
way, Bohemia, Austria, Greece, Sweden, Australia, Russia, Switzer- 
land and Turkey all had representatives. 

There, the Olympiad ran for about six months. They had the 
summer sports, and then waited until October before they had la 
crosse and hockey, the winter sports. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 13 

For one race alone, the Marathon, it is estimated that 500,000 
people lined up to see the contest. No admission fee could be charged 
to see the larger part of it, because it was along the roads. 

They have the Marathons in this country, and the annual event 
which is held in Boston every April draws from 200,000 to 300.000 
people, for which no admission fee can be charged. To be a Marathon 
it must be in the open country. 

The Amateur Athletic Union, which is the parent body of all 
athletics in this country, have come unanimously to the front in favor 
of this proposition. There is no friction. All the athletes are satis- 
fied. I am speaking for the athletes. I am one of them, and they 
are all willing and glad to have the games go to Cleveland. 

Mr. Nelson asked, a little while ago, what other athletic associa- 
tions were in his district. I will say I have that information in my 
office, and I will bring it over for the information of the committee. 

The Chairman. Were you one of the competitors in England ? 

Mr. Schlobohm. No, sir ; I was at St. Louis. 

The Chairman. In what particular branch? 

Mr. Schlobohm. In the Marathon. 

In New York City they have public playgrounds, and in the one 
at One hundred and fifty-fifth Street I have seen athletic games there 
with 20,000 people watching them; and every Sunday morning one 
can see hundreds of working boys training in order that they may 
participate and compete in games. 

Van Cortlandt Park, Sunday afternoons, will have 50,000 people 
playing there. I have seen 12 and 14 baseball games going on at 
once on this large field. Athletics can be called a moral uplift. A 
young man can not compete in athletics if he does not lead the right 
kind of life. If he does not live properly, he can not develop the 
stamina. 

It develops enthusiasm to have these Olympic games. I remember 
when the 1908 games were going on in England boys would crowd 
around the telegraph office and tickers in Ycnkers to hear the result 
of the games. The boys want to compete. In Yonkers, every Wash- 
ington's Birthday the} 7 have a 2-mile race, and they had 200 entrants 
last year. 

Mr. Nelson. I do not want you to think that I am not interested in 
athletics, because I am; but can anyone answer the question as to 
what foreign countries did in the way of defraying expenses in con- 
nection with these Olympic games? 

Mr. Schlobohn. I will submit that later. 

Mr. Howland. Mr. Townes will answer that when he addresses 
the committee a little later. 

Mr. Nelson. Very well. 

Mr. Howland. I would like now to introduce Mr. Henry G. 
Penniman. 

STATEMENT OF MR. HENRY G. PENNIMAN, OF BALTIMORE. 

Mr. Penniman. A question has been asked, gentlemen, as to the 
national character of the American xAJMetic Union. The statistics 
have been given in regard to athletics generally by some of the pre- 
vious speakers. But in regard to that subject I desire to make this 
explanation: The Amateur Athletic Union is the official organiza- 



14 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

tion which controls all the amateur athletic sport- except those sports 
which of themselves are strong enough to take care of their particu- 
lar -port, and then they organize their own particular branch, such as 
the Lawn Tennis Association, and they become connected with the 
Amateur Athletic Union in what we call allied bodies. 

The Amateur Athletic Union, therefore, is made up not only of 
the track athletics, but the representatives at our annual meeting 
have delegates from all the various other allied sports. 

The organization of the Amateur Athletic Union is national. Our 
arrangements are that we divide the United State- into what we call 
associations. These associations have more than one State, usually. 
Practically all have. It depend- a great deal on the density of the 
population. 

The particular district which I represent, and I also speak as one 
of the board of managers of the A. A. I .. is the South Atlantic dis- 
trict, which comprise- Maryland, the District of Columbia. Virginia. 
West Virginia, and the two Carolina-. 

The Amateur Athletic Union in its convention this fall had repre- 
sentative- from every local as.-oeiation. which is composed of various 
State- at that meeting, and we unanimously decided, as far as we 
could, that these games should be held at Cleveland. 

A question has also been asked as to whether the United Stater- 
Go vernment has the right to appropriate money specifically for this 
purpose. Mr. Covington asked that question and also said he was 
interested in athletics. I did not know that he was a member of any 
athletic club. 

Mr. Coyingtox. I am not. because I do not happen to live in Balti- 
more. [Laughter.] 

Mr. Pe^niveax. I know you are a good Eastern Shoreman. I did 
not know whether we had any life in the Eastern Shore in athletics. 
but I de-ire to call this to your attention : 

Xot being a lawyer i can not state i)Ositiveiy. but I do know that 
within the District of Columbia, through your District commission, 
or whatever that branch of the Congress is. that you are allotting 
money to take care of the athletics in this District. You have a move- 
ment in this District, the same a.- we have in Baltimore, and as we 
have practically in all the large cities of the United States known 
by different names. The name that we apply in Baltimore is the 
•* Public Athletic League."' composed of an athletic association which 
gives game- in all our public parks, which take- care of the athletics 
in the schools, and also takes care of the athletics in ail of the paro- 
chial school-. 

In Washington you have a movement of a similar nature. You 
will find that your District Commissioners are appropriating money 
for the building of the playgrounds or your athletic grounds in your 
public park- here in Washington. 

You will find that you have an organization here which is em- 
ploying the necessary men to take care of these parks. I do not mean 
the ground keepers, but the instructor-, if I may use that term — the 
representative who is there at the fixed time not only to see that 
the boys play the games fairly, but that they keep good order 

I think that you will find the Government is. therefore, applying a 
certain amount of money in that direction. I know they are in 
Washington, in regard to the public park-. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. . 15 

I only want to say, as far as the association I represent is con- 
cerned, which comprises those four States, that we are heartily in 
favor of not only these games, but we are heartily in favor of having 
these Olympic games in Cleveland in 1916. 

I thank you gentlemen, and I hope you will see fit to report this 
bill favorably, and I hope it will pass Congress. 

Mr. Collier. I notice most of you gentlemen have dwelt several 
times on the word " amateur. " There is no professional allowed to 
creep into these events at all, is there ? 

Mr. Penniman. No. We handle that question in this way: I 
happen to be what might be called a judge in athletics. In other 
words, I am one of three men in our association who compose what 
we call the registration committee. The duties of the registration 
committee are these: When a man desires to compete, he fills out a 
blank. That blank asks certain questions as to his age, etc. We 
ask him if he has ever competed for money. If he has. we do not 
allow him to compete with our amateurs. Now, that comes up 
through this committee. If I was competing, and I had competed 
for money, there would be a protest, and that case would be regu- 
larly tried before the tribunal of which I happen to be a member. 
But we do not allow the professional to compete with our amateurs. 

Mr. Collier. That is what I wanted to find out. 

Mr. Pekkiman. In other words, you will find there are some few 
professionals in this country, but there are very few. Take, for in- 
stance, the Marathon runners to-day, Hayes, Shrubb, and those men, 
who are running at various armories, are running, of course, for 
monej 7 . They are paid so much for the various races, 15 and 20 
miles, and so on. Men of that sort would not compete in these games. 

As to the question of amateur standing in regard to these Olympic 
games : We have our standard in this country, and all of the athletes 
wdio compete have to come up to a certain requirement. The com- 
petitors in these games will have to be passed upon by a committee 
which is composed of representatives of practically all the civilized 
countries in the world. 

Mr. Nelson. The other countries have to maintain the amateur 
standing? 

Mr. Penniman. Yes. There is no man in Greece or England who 
can come here except in that way. 

It might be well to give a little experience of my own, if the com- 
mittee has the time to listen to it. I went abroad in 1884, represent- 
ing an international team from this country, to play lacrosse abroad. 
It seems that their rule at that time did not allow a man who used 
his hands to be an amateur. In other words, the English standard 
is higher than it is in this country, within certain degrees, because 
they do not allow the man who, for instance, works in a shop, or any 
man who makes his living by using his hands, to compete in the 
amateur class. They separate him from the man who makes his 
livelihood in other ways. 

At that time I had been using my hands. I had been trying to 
make a living in a way, and I was order clerk in a hardware store. 
One of my duties was that I had to go when I had a list of orders all 
over this five-story building and get out grindstones or anything else 
that was ordered and get them down to the first floor and make up the 
order to ship them out. 



16 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

When I got abroad I filled out the requested blank and, of course, 
told them exactly what I had done. They immediately said that 
I was a professional. [Laughter.] It was a very curious thing. 
It happened that one of the men had typhoid fever and we had just 
enough to make a team. 

Fortunately I happened to know Earl Grey, who is one of the 
very prominent men in athletics, and it happened that he had been 
here shooting ducks with my father, and I happened to have met 
him personally. I wired him that I was in trouble at Liverpool 
and he came down to Liverpool, and from there they cabled the 
State Department or the ambassador and he took it up through the 
State Department, and from there to the various consulates in Balti- 
more; and it was finally determined that I was a good amateur and 
they allowed me to compete. But it shows the way they watch those 
things. 

Mr. Covington. I would like to ask a question in connection with 
this matter that ma}^ possibly eliminate other questions later on. 
How does the Amateur Athletic Union at the present time maintain 
the rule with regard to the maintenance of athletes? 

The reason I ask that question is because when I was at the 
University of Pennsylvania we had a great deal of trouble there 
because we were one of the institutions that were repeatedly and 
continuously charged with surreptitiously maintaining athletes. 

I want to ask you whether or not there are any men, for instance, 
whose occupation is augmented by employments given them by the 
various athletic clubs? The Xew York Athletic Club and the old 
Manhattan Club, I remember 

Mr. Penniman. You are going back to my day. [Laughter.] 

Mr. Covington. I rather expect I can get back there. [Laughter.] 
They used, as you well know, in the days of Meyers and those 
fellows 

Mr. Penniman. I have competed against him. 

Mr. Covington. There was that principle in force, if a man had 
a job at which he could not make more than $700 or $800 a year and 
he had some friends in the athletic association or in the club there, 
the}' would give him enough to keep him going in order that he 
might maintain his membership and compete. In other words, they 
were practically men who were maintained by those clubs in order 
that the club might enjoy the benefit of their remarkable athletic 
prowess when competitions came on. 

What I want to know is whether or not that is permitted in any 
sense, and whether or not at Cleveland, if this proposition should go 
through, there will be permitted to compete there a class of fellows 
who, after all, are to a degree being maintained by virtue of the fact 
that they are first-class athletes? 

Mr. Penniman. I will answer that question, Mr. Covington. I 
will also see that the information is filed with the committee. 

Mr. Covington. You need not take that trouble. I will accept your 
statement on the matter, of course. 

Mr. Penniman. I will file a list of our rules, so that you will see 
exactly what they are. 

We have strict rules in regard to any man who receives money. In 
the first place, we have limited the amount that we can give for prizes. 
In any athletic event the prizes that we can give are limited. In other 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. IT 

words, we have a certain set of medals. You can give cups. You 
can not give merchandise, even, in our athletics to-day, except in some 
rare cases, where it has to be approved before the games by this regis- 
tration committee that I spoke of. 

When you speak of paying the expenses of an athlete 

Mr. Covington. No ; I do not mean that. 

Mr. Penniman. I will take that up first. No man can get his ex- 
penses going from Baltimore to Washington, for instance, or vice 
versa, except through his club ; and if he gets his expenses, the club 
is obliged to file the receipts, showing exactly where all that money 
was spent. 

There is a rule which only allows him a certain amount of railroad 
fare and a certain amount of Pullman fare and a certain amount for 
his hotel fare. These items are very carefully looked into, to keep 
men from getting that remuneration which they are not entitled to. 

Answering your question as to the practices which we have now, 
which are different from the good old practices when Meyers and 
those of his time were competing, we have adopted this rule: That 
any man who is connected with an athletic club can not compete. 
He might only be a bookkeeper, or he might be in the hat room, but 
as long as he is connected with that club he is prevented from com- 
peting in any amateur athletics. Of course a man who is an instruc- 
tor for money is a professional; but I mean, a man can not retain a 
job in any athletic club and compete. 

If a man receives money indirectly for competition, if it is found 
out, he becomes a professional. 

As far as the rules are concerned, I think we have very effectually 
broken up that practice. 

The University of Virginia, of which you spoke 

Mr. Covington. It was the University of Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Penniman. The University of Pennsylvania is also sending a 
team to a big set of games in Baltimore to-morrow night. They sent 
a relay team to complete against Cornell and Johns Hopkins. They 
will receive a certain amount of money for their expenses, but they 
will be obliged to turn in a list of the expenses, of exactly everything 
that was spent. 

I will see that the rules in regard to this matter are filed with the 
committee, so that you can see just exactly what the provisions are.. 

Mr. Howland. I will now introduce Mr. George F. Pawling, the 
second vice president of the National Amateur Athletic Association, 
of Philadelphia. 

STATEMENT OF GEORGE F. PAWLING, OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Mr. Pawling. I am afraid I will have to do what Father Moran 
said we were going to do, and repeat certain things, except that I 
shall go a little more into detail as to the organization that con- 
trols the athletics in this country, so that you may realize what the 
endorsement which has been given to this Olympic commission from 
the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States really means. 

The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States is, as Mr. 
Penniman has said, an organization composed of representatives of 

79196—11 2 



18 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

active athletic bodies which are grouped into associations covering 
the entire territory. 

When the organization was first formed the territories were 
naturally large, there being only a few really active centers at that 
time. But the organization as it has grown later has divided and 
subdivided those territories until now the entire United States is 
covered, and also at our last annual meeting, the Hawaiian Islands 
were also brought in under the sheltering arm of the Amateur Ath- 
letic Union. 

These associations have delegates to the national body who meet 
once a year, and who have their representation throughout the year 
on the various committees for the government of athletics. The 
associations themselves have also a governing body known as the 
board of governors, which is made up of the representatives of clubs 
in the particular association. The association of which I am presi- 
dent is known as the Middle Atlantic Association and comprises the 
State of Pennsylvania and New Jersey south of Trenton, and the 
State of Delaware. In that association we have at the present time, 
51 organized athletic clubs, who represent over 50,000 members of the 
various clubs. 

These clubs elect a member to the board of governors from each 
club. The board of governors have regular stated monthly meetings, 
and the association work is divided and put into the hands of com- 
mittees. These committees not only take up the various questions of 
such sports as boxing, wrestling, track and field sports, fencing, and 
basket ball, and so forth, but we also have committees that take up 
the promoting of activity along the various allied lines. That is, the 
allied lines are grouped into leagues, who are also active members 
of our association. 

In our association we have represented not only such active bodies 
as the Young Men's Christian Association and our athletic clubs, but 
we have the boys' clubs, and the church clubs, and the Catholic clubs. 
We have the factory athletic leagues, the department store athletic 
leagues, and we have various settlement works outside of the boys' 
clubs represented. 

This work is all conducted by the committees under their charge, 
and they report every month to our board of governors. 

So that the scope of the work that is taken charge of and con- 
trolled by the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States is 
tremendous. It reaches all over the United States and into every 
department of work that is interested in amateur athletics. 

We have municipal bodies that are appropriating all the time for 
the erection and maintenance of playgrounds, and we have the play- 
ground associations that are working in conjunction with us. 

So that when we get down to the scope of the work that is covered 
by our organization, our indorsement not only means the athletic 
clubs of the Unite'd States, but it also means the allied bodies, and the 
various smaller bodies that are not allied to us which are members 
of the district association. 

The indorsement of this organization means that the controlling 
body has practically given the word of everybody that is interested 
in athletics, through their representatives, that we believe we would 
like to have the Olympic games in the United States in 1916, and that 
we believe Cleveland is best fitted to conduct these games. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 19 

The question has been asked, what have the foreign countries been 
doing in connection with the support of these Olympic games ? I can 
not answer that directly, or with practical knowledge, or with au- 
thority. But I am a member of the present Olympic committee of 
the United States for the Olympic games in 1912, and as a member 
of that committee am very much interested in the Stockholm games, 
and I have the privilege of acquaintanceship and association with a 
very bright and very prominent Swedish gentleman who is my 
neighbor, and he received from his country every month the Official 
Athletic Almanac, and in that — of course I do not read Swedish, but 
he tells me about it — are reported the activities in connection with 
the Olympic games of 1912. * 

I am informed by this gentleman that the Swedish Government 
are supporting the Olympic games of 1912. And they are not only 
supporting the Olympic games from the standpoint of putting money 
into them, but are also directing the activities. Sweden has led the 
world, probably, not even excepting Germany, in physical develop- 
ment. They provide in their public schools and in their high schools 
as part of the curriculum the work of athletics. And they have 
recognized the United States as being the leader in competitive 
athletics, by soliciting and engaging, somewhat over a year ago, one 
of the best physical directors in this country to go over and take care 
of the national team that was to represent Sweden in 1912. I am 
referring to Mr. Hirchberg, the former phvsical director of the 
New York and Irish- American Athletic Club, "who has been engaged 
somewhat over a year ago and is now taking charge of the develop- 
ment of the national representatives of Sweden. As I say, my 
information is not direct, and I do not know it with authority, but 
I am informed by this gentleman who ought to know that the" Gov- 
ernment of Sweden is paying the expenses for this purpose. If that 
is true, they are going a great deal further than we ever think of 
asking our Government to go, because we do not ask the Government 
to develop the athletes, but we ask them simplv to indorse this 
application of Cleveland, and I trust we will receive vour approval. 

Mr. Howland The next speaker I propose to introduce is Mr. 
C. C. lownes, of Cleveland, and I have asked him to limit his 
remarks to the matter of national aid heretofore to Olympic games. 

I he Chairman. That is a very important feature of this bill the 
most important. 

STATEMENT OF C. C. TOWNES, OF CLEVELAND. 

Mr Towxes. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, my 
aMiation with the athletic movement has been mainlv on the ath- 
letic held, and the knowledge that I am about to attempt to commu- 
nicate to you has been secured there. 

You may know of James E. Sullivan, who was appointed bv Mr. 
Koosevelt I believe, as official representative of the United States 
at the last Olympic games at London. In a conference that I had 
Z hl iV n ^ eW lor V arl - Y in September, he told me that the 
King of Greece supported the Stadium and the Olympic same move- 
ment at Athens to the extent of $350,000; and he also told me that 
the financing scheme of the Olympic games held at London was by 
an association headed by the most prominent sportsman of Eno-land 



20 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

Lord Desborough, who personally footed the bill to the extent of 
$93,000. because of his having taken the initiative in bringing the 
games to London, and. seeing that they were getting in a bad way, 
together with Lord Lipton. who brings over the English competitors 
for the yachting races, and several other prominent English sports- 
men, through an association of private individuals, footed the deficit. 

The Chairman. \Yas there any Government aid on the part of 
England? 

Mr. Townes. There was no Government aid; and had it not been 
for the liberality and the sportsmanlike spirit exhibited by these 
prominent English citizens, the creditors of the movement, who fur- 
nished the transportation, provided the hotel accommodations, and 
so forth, would have lost all that they had put into it, or a great 
proportion of it. 

Then, again, at Paris, without Government aid, but with Govern- 
ment sanction, the Olympic games went bankrupt, or the movement 
became a bankrupt one. and the creditors there suffered to a great 
extent. And in nearly all of these instances the games have been 
held in connection with some other large exposition or movement, 
so that the center of interest has not been specifically in the Olympic 
games, but in the world's fair or in the English convention that was 
held at London, or in some other way. 

I think that the proposition that we are to submit will be on a 
little different footing than most of these movements along this line. 
At Cleveland there will be nothing but the Olympic games. There 
will be military maneuvers and certain military shooting honors, and, 
as some of the other speakers have suggested, there will be a large 
variety of competitions, but there will be nothing but these games, 
covering a period of some six months. 

Mr. Howland. Six weeks, you mean, do you not ? 

Mr. Townes. It covers a period of six months. There are succes- 
sive competitions for six weeks. Then, for a period of 14 days, when 
the big athletic events are put on in themselves, there will be an 
enormous crowd. There were 200.000 people every day watching the 
contests at London for 14 days. 

The question has been brought up as to the constitutionality of our 
being able to get an appropriation for this purpose. I do not know. 
I am not a student to that extent, but it seems to me if aid can be 
had for such expositions as Seattle, Jamestown, Buffalo, St. Louis, 
and other movements of a like nature, that we surely should be able 
to get some aid on a like scheme, because this is not only to be a 
domestic proposition, but one that will hold all the enthusiasm of 
the United States as these other movements have, and bring over all 
the enthusiasm of foreign countries, in this realm of amateur athletics, 
and I think even to as great an extent as ours has been shown in 
the foreign competitions that have been held heretofore. 

The Chairman. Let me see the figures once more. How much did 
you sav these two English sportsmen put up for these games ? 

Mr. Townes. $93,000. 

The Chairman. \Yas there any other popular subscription on the 
part of the people or the citizens of London ? 

Mr. Townes. I mention that particularly because Mr. Sullivan told 
me that the deficit was raised by popular subscription. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 21 

The Chairman. That was merely the deficit— that $93,000? 

Mr. Townes. That was not the deficit, but that was the portion of 
the deficit that Lord Desborough became liable for because of his 
interest in signing papers in the movement generally. 

The Chairman. Have you any figures showing the cost of conduct- 
ing these games in London? I mean as to what was the total ex- 
pense connected with them? 

Mr. Townes. Over $400,000. 

The Chairman. The reason I ask that is, if I understood the state- 
ment correctly, the city of Cleveland expects to raise from one hun- 
dred to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and the State of 
Ohio is expected to donate $50,000. 

Mr. Townes. Yes, sir. 

The Chairman. I wanted to see if we could arrive at figures as 
to the amount necessary to finance this proposition. 

Mr. Schneider. In London they allowed each one of these coun- 
tries $1,500 for their teams. The expense of transportation from 
Europe to this country will be a great deal larger, so that the ex- 
penses of conducting the games would be that much more on account 
of the additional. distance. 

The Chairman. London set aside $1,500 for each team? 

Mr. Schneider. Yes, sir. 

The Chairman. And you had 126 Americans participating in the 
games ? 

Mr. Schneider. One hundred and forty-eight. 

The Chairman. How much was set apart, all told, for the partici- 
pation of these 148 Americans? 

Mr. Townes. Let me answer that. I might say that the expenses 
of the American athletes were partly raised by this subscription in 
England, and I think Mr. Sullivan, who was at that time president 
of the Amateur Athletic Union, raised something in the neighbor- 
hood of $50,000 in this country to make up the difference between 
the expenses of our athletes and what the English Government af- 
forded us. 

The Chairman. Not the English Government ? 

Mr. Townes. Not the English Government, but the English Olym- 
pic commission. 

The proposition is this, that we are going to be confronted by; 
Germany will be the main competitor for these games in 1916. If 
they come to this Olympic games commission and say : " We have 
$500,000 that we will put up as security that the games will be con- 
ducted in the most efficient manner." The question put to the United 
States will be: " What have you to offer? " " We have $200,000 for 
the stadium, $50,000 from our State, and our Government has backed 
us to the extent of $250,000. Then the question would be, other 
things being equal, who should be granted this contest? It is only 
upon that footing that we will be able to get the games for the United 
States. We can not get them without getting municipal, State and 
national help. 

Mr. Langley. I do not understand, then, that, so far as you know, 
any other Government has directly contributed, as is proposed in 
this bill? 

Mr. Townes. Yes; positively. The sovereign power of Greece, 
vested in the King, granted this movement 



22 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 

The Chairman. I suppose that was his personal contribution? 

Mr. Langley. That was out of the funds already furnished the 
King. 

Mr. Nelson. Did you say that Germany has made an appropria- 
tion, and that you have to compete with a $500,000 appropriation 
from her? 

Mr. Langley. No; he is just anticipating that. 

Mr. Townes. No; the Emperor of Germany has made a personal 
request to the international president of the Olympiad that the games 
be held in Germany. 

Mr. Langley. Has he made any recommendation to the Reichstag 
in favor of an appropriation for that purpose? Do you know any- 
thing about that ? 

Mr. Townes. No; I am not in a position to say. 

Mr. Covington. Are you able to file with this committee, assuming 
that they would be willing to consider favorably this bill, any state- 
ment which will show that the $250,000 carried in this bill, added to 
the sum of money that is absolutely guaranteed by the city of Cleve- 
land or the State of Ohio, will successfully finance the enterprise ? 

Mr. Townes. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Covington. In the recent controversy between San Francisco 
and New Orleans they demonstrated, by actual, existing, bona fide 
subscriptions, a sum of money necessary to finance the exposition. 
Can you show that you can finance this with the $250,000 ? 

Mr. Townes. Yes, sir; absolutely. 

Mr. Covington. I think you should file that statement. 

The Chairman. Yes. 

Mr. Covington. It should not be merely speculative, but it should 
include the transportation which you have referred to — the $1,500 or 
whatever item will be necessar}^ to bring the German and English 
and other teams over — and it should be shown that that $250,000, 
plus whatever sum of money you have absolutely in sight, will 
finance successfully the entire Olympic games here. 

Mr. Townes. If that it the only object in our way, we will get the 
appropriation. 

Mr. Covington. I did not say that. I say that would be an abso- 
lute essential to this committee's considering it. 

Mr. Townes. There is no question but what we can show that. 

Mr. Covington. Do you not think that should be shown, Mr. 
Chairman? 

The Chairman. Oh, yes. 

Mr. Townes. With the help that we ask for, and with the help from 
the city and the State, the thing can be properly financed, not only 
with credit to the city and the State, but to the Nation's credit. 

Mr. Nelson. As I understand it from your remark, on account of 
the fact that there has been more or less financial failure connected 
with these Olympiads in the past, you would now like to have an 
appropriation from the United States Government, so as to make 
certain that the prizes and the expenses of the foreign members, the 
foreign athletes, will be paid for? 

Mr. Townes. Yes, sir. 

Mr. Nelson. That is the exact situation ? 

Mr. Townes. That is the exact situation. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 23 

If the games are ever to be held in the United States again, to my 
mind there is no question but what aid will have to be had from our 
Government. 

The Chairman. On what do you base that? Were not the games 
successfully conducted at St. Louis? 

Mr. Townes. No, sir ; they were not properly managed. 

The Chairman. Were not all the expenses paid? Was not the 
affair properly financed? 

Mr. Townes. The situation there was this : They ran the Olympic 
games in connection with the World's Fair, and the possibilities of 
the Olympic games were overshadowed by the World's Fair, so that 
the games were merely one sideshow to the big circus. For that 
reason we can get no definite comparison between what the Olympic 
games should be and what they were at St. Louis. 

The Chairman. Then you say that, in your judgment, the games 
at St. Louis were a failure ? 

Mr. Townes. No ; not at all. I say that in taking the proposition 
up of what happened at St. Louis 

The Chairman. You just made the remark that in order to have 
other successful Olympic games in this country you would have to 
have Government aid. I was wondering whether you figured out 
that the St. Louis games were a failure, and if so, on what you based 
your conclusion. 

Mr. Toavnes. They were a failure financially, if that is what you 
mean. 

The Chairman. Yes; financially. 

Mr. Townes. Yes. 

The Chairman. Were there any bills left unpaid? Were not the 
competitors given the prizes they had honestly won? Or in what 
way was it a failure? 

Mr. Townes. It was a failure in that the amount provided for 
bringing over the foreign athletes to this country was not sufficient to 
give the Olympic games an international importance. There were 
so few athletes from the other countries that it could not properly be 
termed an international Olympic. 

The Chairman. Do you recall now how many participated from 
the European countries? 

Mr. Townes. We have a man here who was there. 

Mr. Schlobohm. I have not the exact figures. There were 390 
different events. Some were for the Filipinos, and some for the 
Indians who were there on the grounds. But for the international 
championships of 22 events I know that Germany, Hungary, Greece, 
and Canada were represented. Those foreign countries competed. 

The Chairman. Why did not the others compete? 

Mr. Schlobohm. Because there was no appropriation sent out to 
bring the athletes here. The athletes who come can not afford to 
pay their own expenses. 

The Chairman. The association to which they belong pays their 
expenses. 

Mr. Schlobohm. Yes. The competitors in these Olympic games 
are limited. In the last Olympiad each country Avas allowed 12 
competitors, and could not exceed that in any event. The United 
States, with the money that they had sent to them from England — 



24 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



$1,500 — with the amount of popular subscription, were able to make 
up a team so that they would have enough men for all events. 

If Cleveland will build this stadium, as they will, and $50,000 is 
authorized by the State of Ohio, and we can get the authorization of 
$250,000 here, making $300,000, we could then divide it up so that 
the 20 or 22 countries which are in the International Olympic Asso- 
ciation will be able to send their full teams or the best possible teams. 

The Chairman. Is it the purpose of the Cleveland people to build 
the stadium by funds raised by popular subscription ? 

Mr. Schneider. No, sir; it will be done by an appropriation from 
our funds there — the park system. The municipality will defray all 
expenses. We have assurances from the mayor and the council to 
that effect. We believe from what the engineers state that it would 
cost $150,000 to $200,000 to put up a suitable stadium. 

Mr. Howland. On behalf of the gentlemen present, I wish to thank 
the committee for its courtesy and kindness extended to us in the 
hearing. I suppose the hearings will be printed as soon as possible? 

The Chairman. Yes. 

Mr. Cassidy. Several suggestions have been made during the hear- 
ing in regard to statements being filed for the information of the 
committee. I presume they will be filed. 

The Chairman, Yes; I wish they would be furnished, especially 
those asked for by Mr. Nelson. 

Mr. Schlobohm. I will file with the clerk this afternoon a list of 
the various clubs throughout the country. 

(Whereupon, at 12 o'clock noon, the committee adjourned.) 



List of the various athletic clubs who are members of the Amateur 

Athletic Union. 

Metropolitan Association. 



CLUB MEMBERS. 



Acorn Athletic Association, Brooklyn, 

N. Y. 
Anchor Athletic Club, Jersey City, N. J. 
Aranac Athletic Association, Harrison, 

N. Y. 
Asbury Park Athletic Club, Asbury 

Park, N. J. 
Atlantic Yacht Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Atlas Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 
Bath Beach Swimming Club, Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 
Bay Ridge Athletic Club, Brooklyn, 

N. Y. 
Binghamton Athletic Club, Bingham- 

ton, N. Y. 
Bohemian Gymnasium Sokol, New 

York, N. Y. 
Boys' Club, New York, N. Y. 
Bridge City Athletic Club, Poughkeep- 

sie, N. Y. 
Brighton Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Bronx Church Club, New York, N. Y. 
Brooklyn Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



Buffalo Launch Club, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Catholic Athletic League, New York^ 

N. Y. 
Central Y. M. C. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Cherry Field Club, Westchester, N. Y. 
Church Athletic League, New York, 

N. Y. 
City Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 
Clan-na-Gael, Bridgeport, Conn. 
Claremont Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
Clark House Athletic Association, New 

York, N. Y. 
Cohoes Field Club, Cohoes, N. Y. 
Commerce Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
Company A, Tenth Regiment, Albany, 

N. Y. 
Company F, Sixty-ninth Regiment, New 

York, N. Y. 
Cuyler Athletic Association, Brooklyn, 

N. Y. 
Dominican Lyceum, New York, N. Y. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



25 



Educational Alliance Athletic Associa- 
tion, New York, N. Y. 

Emerald Athletic Club, Westchester, 
N. Y. 

Etna Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Far Hills Athletic Club, Far Hills, 
N. J. 

Farmers' Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Fifth Regiment Athletic Association, 
Paterson, N. J. 

Finnish-American Athletic Club, New 
York, N. Y. 

First Division Naval Battalion, New 
Haven, Conn. 

First Regiment Athletic Association, 
Newark, N. J. 

Flatbush Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Fordham University Athletic Associa- 
tion, New York, N. Y. 

Forty-second Separate Company, Ni- 
agara Falls, N. Y. 

Forty-seventh Regiment Athletic As- 
sociation, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Fourteenth Regiment Athletic Associa- 
tion, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Fourth Regiment Athletic Association, 
Jersey City, N. J. 

Franklin A. C. of Westchester, West- 
chester, N. Y. 

Franklin Athletic Club, New Haven, 
Conn. 

German-American Athletic Association, 
New York, N. Y. 

Glencoe Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 

Grace Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 

Greenpoint Y. M. C. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Harlem Evening High School A. A., 
New York, N. Y. 

Harlem Y. M. C. A., New York, N. Y. 

Hastings Athletic Club, Hastings on 
the Hudson, N. Y. 

Hibernian Atbletic Association, Hart- 
ford, Conn. 

Hibernian Athletic Association, New 
Haven, Conn. 

Hollywood Inn Athletic Association, 
Yonkers, N. Y. 

Holy Cross Lyceum, New York, N. Y. 

Hudson Guild A. A., New York, N. Y. 

Irish-American Athletic Club, New 
York, N. Y. 

Inter-Settlement A. A., New York, N. Y. 

Ionia Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Jamaica Athletic Association, Jamaica, 
N. Y. 

Kings County Athletic Association, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Knickerbocker Rowing and Athletic 
Club, Paterson, N. J. 

Knights of St. Anthony, Brooklyn, 
N. Y. 

Lawrence A. C, Lawrence, L. I., N. Y. 

Liberty A. C, Union Hill, N. J. 

Long Island City Athletics, Long Is- 
land City. 



Loughlin Lyceum, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Madison Square A. C, New York City. 
Mamaroneck Recreation League, Ma- 

maroneck, N. Y. 
Marathon Athletic Club, Mamaroneck, 

N. Y. 
McCaddin Lyceum, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Mercury Athletic Club, Yonkers, N. Y. 
Millrose Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 
Mohawk Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
Mohegan Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
Morningside Athletic and Social Club, 

New York, N. Y. 
Morris Evening High School, New 

York, N. Y. 
Mott Haven Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
National Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
National Turn Verein, Newark, N. J. 
Newark Y. M. C. A., Newark, N. J. 
New Britain Y. M. C. A., New Britain, 

Conn. 
New Jersey Athletic Club, Jersey City, 

N. J. 
New Polo A. A., New York, N. Y. 
New West Side Athletic Club, New 

York, N. Y. 
New York Athletic Club, New York, 

N. Y. 
New York Swimming Association, New 

York, N. Y. 
New York Turn Verein, New York, 

N. Y. 
Ninth Regiment A. A., New York, N. Y. 
North Buffalo Catholic A. A., Buffalo, 

N. Y. 
North Buffalo Catholic Association, 

Buffalo, N. Y. 
Northern A. C. (Nordicka Athletklub- 

ben), Unionport, New York, N. Y. 
Norwegian-American A. A., New York, 

N. Y. 
Norwegian Turn Society, Brooklyn, 

N.Y. 
Original Trojan Athletic Club, Hart- 
ford, Conn. 
Passaic Valley Canoe Club, Paterson, 

N. J. 
Pastime Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 
Paterson Athletic Club, Paterson, N. J. 
Paulist Athletic Club, New York, N. Y. 
Pennant Social and Athletic Club, New 

York, N. Y. 
Public Schools Athletic League, New 

York, N. Y. 
Recreation Center Athletic League, 

New York, N. Y. 
Rochester Athletic Club, Rochester, 

N.Y. 
San Salvador K. of C, New York, N. Y. 
Second Battalion Athletic Association, 

Naval Militia, New York, N. Y. 
Senators Athletic Club, Unionport, 

N.Y. 



26 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



Senior Boys" Club St. Thomas Church, 
Mainaroneck. N. T. 

Seventy-first Regiment Athletic Asso- 
cation. New York, N. Y. 

Seventy-fourth Regiment Athletic As- 
!iation, Buffalo. N. Y. 

Sixty-fifth Regiment Athletic Associa- 
tion. Buffalo, N. Y. 

South Paterson Athletic Club. Pater- 
N. J. 

Sprocket Athletic Club. Brooklyn. N. Y. 

Star Athletic Club. Long Island City. 
N. Y. 

St. Ann's. Jr.. Holy Name Society. 
New York. N. Y. 

St. Bartholomew Athletic Club. New 
York. N. Y. 

St. George's Athletic Club. New York. 
N. Y. 

St. Joseph's Club. Troy. N. Y. 

St. Mary's Temperance Athletic Club, 
Bayonne. N. J. 

St. Michael's Lyceum. Brooklyn. N. Y. 

St. Paul's Temperance Guild. New 
York. N. Y. 

Sundav Schools Athletic League. Brook- 
lyn. N. Y. 

Swedish - American Athletic Club. 
Brooklyn. N. Y. 

Swedish Gymnastic Society. New York. 
N. Y. 



Thirteenth Regiment Athletic Associa- 
tion. Brooklyn. *N. Y. 

Trinity Club. Brooklyn. N. Y. 

Troy Y. M. C. A.. Troy. N. Y. 

Turn Yerein Yorwaerts. Brooklyn, 
X. Y. 

Twenty-first Separate Co.. Troy. N. Y. 

Twenty-second Regimeut Athletic As- 
sociation. New York, N. Y. 

Twenty-third Street Y. M. C. A.. New 
York. N. Y. 

Una Club. New York. N. Y. 

Union Branch Y. M. C. A.. Bronx. New 
York. N. Y. 

Union Settlement Athletic Club. New 
York, N. Y. 

Walton Athletic Club, Lockport. N. Y. 

Warren Athletic Club. Jersey City. 
N. J. 

West End Athletic Club. Mt. Yernon. 
N. Y. 

West Side Y. M. C. A.. New York. N. Y. 

Winfield Athletic Club. Winfield. L. I.. 
N. Y. 

Xavier Athletic Association. New York. 
X. Y. 

Yonkers Y. M. C. A.. Yonkers. N. Y. 

Youns Men's Hebrew Association. New 
York. N. Y. 

Young Men's League. Ozone Park. N. Y. 



SorxH Atlaxtic Associatiox. 



CLUB MEMBERS. 



Maryland Athletic Club. Baltimore. Md. 

Suburban Club. Baltimore, Md. 

Public Athletic League. Baltimore. Md. 

Fifth Regiment A. A.. Baltimore, Md. 

Waskinsrton Y. M. C. A.. Washington. 
D. C. 

Baltimore Athletic Club. Baltimore. Md. 

Cross Country Club, Baltimore. Md. 

Mount Washington Athletic Club. Bal- 
timore. Md. 

Central Y. M. C. A.. Baltimore. Md. 



National Guard. District of Columbia. 
Washington. D. C. 

Washington Grove A. A.. Washington. 
D. C. 

Walbrook A. C. Baltimore. Md. 

Municipal Games Association, Balti- 
more, Md. 

Carroll Institute. Washington, D. C. 

Richmond College Athletic Association, 
Richmond. Ya. 

George Washington University Ath- 
letic Association. Washington. D. C. 



New Exglaxd Associatiox. 



CLTB MEMBEBS. 



Acme Athletic Association. Jamaica 
Plain (Boston). Mass. 

Armorv Athletic Association. Boston. 
Mass. 

Armory Athletic Association. Provi- 
dence. R. I. 

Boston Athletic Association. Boston, 
Mass. 

Boston Playground Association, Bos- 
ton. Mass 

Boston Y. M. C. Union. Boston, Mass. 

Brockton Agricultural Society, Brock- 
ton. Mass. 



Brookliue Gymnasium Athletic Asso- 
ciation, Brookline. Mass. 

Brookliue Swimming Club. Brookline. 
Mass. 

Cambridgeport Gymnasium Associa- 
tion. Cambridgeport. Mass. 

Cathedral Athletic Association. Boston. 
Mass. 

Catholic Institute Association. Valley 
Falls, R. I. 

Claremont Athletic Club. Roslindale 
( Boston i. Mass. 

Cleveland Club. Boston. Mass. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



27 



Columbia Athletic Club, Cambridge. 
Mass. 

East Bostou Athletic Association, East 
Boston (Boston), Mass. 

Eighth Company C. A. C, M. V. M., 
Boston, Mass. 

Forest Hills Athletic Association, Bos- 
ton, Mass. 

Haverhill Alumni Athletic Association, 
Haverhill, Mass. 

Inter scholastic Athletic Association, 
Boston, Mass. 

Irish-American Athletic Club, Provi- 
dence, R. I. 

Lawrence Light Guard Athletic Asso- 
ciation, Medford, Mass. 

Lowell Military League, Lowell, Mass. 

Lynn Gentlemen's Driving Club, Lynn, 
Mass. 

Lynn T. M. C. A., Lynn, Mass. 

North Cambridge Athletic Association, 
Cambridge, Mass. 

North Dorchester A. A., Dorchester 
(Boston), Mass. 

Norwood Press Club, Norwood, Mass. 

Oakdale Athletic Association, Jamaica 
Plain (Boston), Mass. 



Pawtucket Athletic Club, PawtuckeL. 
P. I. 

Posse Gymnastic Club, Boston, Mass. 

Providence Athletic Club, Providence, 
R. I. 

Riverside Boat Club, Cambridge, Mass. 

St. Alphonsus Association, Boston, 
Mass. 

St. Anthony Unions, Allston (Boston), 
Mass. 

St. Charles Athletic Association, Wal- 
tham, Mass. 

St. Joseph's Athletic Association, Bos- 
ton, Mass. 

St. Joseph's C. T. A. S., Lynn, Mass. 

St. Peter's Institute, Cambridge, Mass. 

South Barre Social and Athletic Club, 
South Barre, Mass. 

South Boston Athletic Club, South Bos- 
ton (Boston), Mass. 

South End Athletic Club, Roxbury, 
Mass. 

Springfield Diocesan Union, Spring- 
field, Mass. 

Svea Gymnastic Club, Cambridge, 
Mass. 

Viking Club, Cambridge, Mass. 



Central Association. 



club members. 



First Regiment Athletic Association, 

Chicago, 111. 
Illinois Athletic Club, Chicago, 111. 
Naval Reserve Athletic Association, 

Chicago, 111. 
Central Turn Verein, Chicago, 111. 
Seventh Regiment Athletic Association, 

Chicago, 111. 
Chicago Swimming Club, Chicago, 111. 
Milwaukee Athletic Club, Milwaukee, 

Wis. 
Chicago Athletic Association, Chicago, 

111. 
Sleipner Athletic Club, Chicago, 111. 
North Side Athletic Club, Chicago, 111. 
White Eagles Turn Societv, Chicago, 

111. 
Church Athletic League of Maywood, 

Maywood, 111. 
South Shore Athletic Club, Chicago, 

111. 



Lewis Institute, Chicago, 111. 

Chicago Chapter, American Institute 
of Banking, Chicago, 111. 

Canton T. M. C. A., Canton, Ohio. 

Wilson Avenue Bathing Beach, Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Marion Club, Indianapolis, Ind. 

Gaelic Athletic Association, Chicago, 
111. 

Sodality Athletic Club, Milwaukee, 
Wis. 

United Scotch Society, Milwaukee. Wis. 

Cincinnati Gymnasium and Athletic- 
Club, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Cathedral Athletic Club, Milwaukee, 
Wis. 

Daily News Amateur Marathon Club, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 

American Roller and Cycle Club, Chi- 
cago, 111. 

Opportunity Club, Chicago, 111. 



Southern Association. 



club members. 



Atlanta Athletic Club, Atlanta, Ga. 

Beavers Athletic Association, New Or- 
leans, La. 

Birmingham Athletic Club, Birming- 
ham, Ala. 

C. O. D. Athletic Club, New Orleans, 
La. 

Houston Carnival and Athletic Asso- 
ciation, Houston, Tex. 



Knights of Columbus Athletic Associa- 
tion, Galveston, Tex. 

Nashville Athletic Club, Nashville,. 
Tenn. 

New Orleans Athletic Club. New Or- 
leans. La. 

Phoenix Athletic Club, New Orleans,. 
La. 

Pinks Athletic Club, New Orleans, La. 



28 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



Playground Athletic League, Birming- 
ham, Ala. 

Royal Athletic, Club, New Orelans, La. 

Sacred Heart Usher Society, New Or- 
leans, La. 

Shreveport Athletic Association, 
Shreveport, La. 

Southern Athletic Club, New Orleans, 
La. 

Sts. Peter and Paul's Usher Society, 
New Orleans, La. 



Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 
Young Men's Christian Association, 

Birmingham, Ala. 
Young Men's Christian Association, 

New Orleans, La. 
Young Men's Gymnastic Club, New 

Orleans, La. 
Young Men's Hebrew Association, New 

Orleans, La. 



Middle Atlantic Association. 



Central Y. M. C. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Southwark Field Club, 8th & Biglor 
Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Lawndale Field Club, Lawndale, Pa. 

Veteran Athletes, Philadelphia, Pa. 

St. Gregory's Catholic Club, Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Phila. Swimming Club, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Bethayres A. C, Bethayres, Pa. 

Sharpless A. A., West Chester, Pa. 

High School of Norristown, Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Walnut Lane A. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Aquinas Catholic Club, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Ridley Park A. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Somerton A. C, Somerton, Pa. 

Military A. L., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Tacony Field Club, Tacony, Philadel- 
phia. 

Quaker City A. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bustleton Field Club, Bustleton, Phila- 
delphia. 

Holmesburg A. C, Holmesburg, Phila- 
delphia. 

Wissinoming Field Club, Wissinoming, 
Philadelphia. 



Wissahickon C. C, Roxborough, Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Bristol A. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Frankford Field Club, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Bridesburg F. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Fox Chase F. C, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Torresdale A. C, Torresdale, Philadel- 
phia. 

1st Regiment A. A., Philadelphia, Pa. 

United Irish Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Allied Court of Foresters, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Five Mile Beach A. A., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Artisan's Athletic Assn., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Germantown Boys' Club, Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

Pittsburgh A. A., Pittsburg, Pa. 

Philadelphia Turngemiende, Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

A. A. A. Scranton, Scranton, Pa. 

East Liberty Aquatic Club, Pittsburg, 
Pa. 

Trenton Y. M. C. A., Trenton, N. J. 

Fort Pitt A. C, Pittsburg, Pa. 



Pacific Northwest Association. 



club members. 



Aberdeen Athletic Club. Aberdeen, 
Wash. 

Astoria Amateur Athletic Club, As- 
toria, Ore. 

Ballard Amateur Athletic Club, Bal- 
lard, Wash. 

Catholic Young Men's Club, Portland, 
Ore. 

Inter scholastic League, Portland, Ore. 

Multnomah Amateur Athletic Club, 
Portland, Ore. 

National Guard Athletic Association, 
Seattle, Wash. 



Norwegian Turner Society, Seattle, 
Wash. 

Portland Rowing Club, Portland, Ore. 

Seattle Athletic Club, Seattle, Wash. 

Seattle Public Schools League, Seattle, 
Wash. 

Spokane Amateur Athletic Club, Spo- 
kane, Wash. 

University of Washington, Seattle, 
Wash. 

Vancouver Athletic Club, Vancouver, 
B. C. 

Washington Athletic Club, Seattle, 
Wash. 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



29 



Pacific Association. 



Academic Athletic League of California. 

American Football Association. 

Auditorium Athletic Club. 

Bay Counties Athletic League. 

Belmont Military Academy. 

Barbarian Athletic Club. 

California Association Football League. 

California Athletic Club. 

Catholic Schools Athletic League. 

Century Athletic Club. 

Columbia Athletic Club. 

Columbia Park Boys Clubs. 

Dreamland Athletic Club. 

Hitchcock Military Academy. 

Irish-American Athletic Club. 

Metropolitan Athletic Club. 

Mission Athletic Club. 

Oakland Church Athletic League. 

Olympic Athletic Club. 

Pacific Association Amateur Oarsmen. 

Pacific Lacrosse Association. 

Portola Athletic Club. 



Reliance Athletic Club. 

San Francisco Public Schools Athletic 

League. 
St. Mary's College. 
Sacred Heart College. 
San Francisco Athletic League. 
Stanford University. 
Stanford University Interscholastic 

Association. 
Swedish-American Athletic Club. 
Siaplamat Indians. 
Santa Clara College. 
Stockton Athletic Association. 
Sacramento Athletic Club. 
San Francisco Y. M. C. A. 
Visitacion Valley Athletic Club. 
University of California. 
United Railroads Athletic Club. 
Wieniawski Gymnasium. 
Western Athletic Club. 
Young Men's Hebrew Association. 



Rocky Mountain Association. 



Denver A. C. 

Y. M. C. A., Denver. 

Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 

Colo. 
New Mexico College of Agriculture and 

Mechanical Arts. 



Electric Trainmen's Athletic Associa- 
tion. 
Denver University. 
State School of Mines. 



Western Association. 



CLUB MEMBERS. 



Missouri Athletic Club, St. Louis, Mo. 
Central Y. M. C. A., St. Louis, Mo. 
South Broadway Athletic Club, St. 

Louis, Mo. 
Broadway Athletic Club, St. Louis, Mo. 
St. Louis A. A. A., St. Louis, Mo. 
First Missouri Regiment A. A., St. 

Louis, Mo. 
Crystal Natatorium Ice Skating Club, 

St. Louis, Mo. 
St. Louis University A. A., St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Christian Brothers College A. A., St. 

Louis, Mo. 
Hibernian Athletic Club, St. Louis, Mo. 
Catholic Cub, St. Louis, Mo. 
Young Men's Hebrew Association, St. 

Louis, Mo. 



St. Leo's Athletic Club, St. Louis, Mo. 
Scottish Clans Athletic Club, St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Gaelic Athletic Association, St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Irish Nationalists A. C, St. Louis, Mo. 
Irish-American A. C, Kansas City, Mo. 
Kansas City Athletic Club, Kansas 

City, Mo. 
Kansas City Y. M. C. A., Kansas City, 

Mo. 
Dupont Manual Training School, Louis- 
ville, Ky. 
First Kentucky Regiment, Louisville, 

Ky. 
Kansas City Playgrounds Association, 

Kansas City, Mo. 



Southern Pacific Association. 



club members. 



Academic Athletic Union, care S. E. 
Van Patten, South Pasadena, Cal. 

Los Angeles Athletic Club, Los An- 
geles, Cal. 

Los Angeles County Academic League, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 

Occidental College, Los Angeles, Cal. 



Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. 

Southern California Swimming Asso- 
ciation, Los Angeles, Cal. 

St. Vincent's College, Los Angeles, Cal. 

University of Southern California, Los 
Angeles, Cal. 

Whittier College, Whittier, Cal. 



30 



IXTERXATIOXAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 



There are 22.000 adult male persons who are registered amateur 
athletes, and about 400.000 members of public and parochial school 
athletic leagues affiliated with the Amateur Athletic Union. 

There are 10 other allied members who have in the neighborhood 
of 50.000 amateur athletes. 

Allied Members. 



INorth American Gymnastic Union. 

Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic As- 
sociation of America. 

Athletic League of Y. M. C. A.'s of 
North America. 

Military Athletic League. 

National Cycling Association. 



The Amateur Fencers' League of 
America. 

The Federation of American Motor- 
cyclists. 

Union des Societies Francaises de 

The International Skating Union. 
Sports Athletiques. 



The following section of the Amateur Athletic Union by-laws de- 
fines what an amateur is. and it is thus required that the Olympian 
games be run up to that standard and no professional athletes are 
to be allowed to compete. 

CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION. 

No person shall be eligible to compete in any athletic meeting, game, or 
entertainment given or sanctioned by this union who has (1) received or com- 
peted for compensation or reward, in any form, for the display, exercise, or 
example of his skill in or knowledge of any athletic exercise, or for rendering 
personal service of any kind to any athletic organization, or for becoming or 
continuing a member of any athletic organization, or received or accepted any 
prize or reward for an exhibition, or otherwise than in a recognized competi- 
tion : or (2) has entered any competition under a name other than his own. 
or from a club of which he was not at that time a member in good standing; 
or (3) has knowingly entered any competition open to any professional or pro- 
fessionals, or has knowingly competed with any professional for any prize or 
token; or (4) has issued or allowed to be issued in his behalf any challenge 
to compete against any professional, or for money, or (5) has pawned, bartered, 
or sold any prize won in athletic competition. 



■ The Olympian games will consist of walking, running, weight 
throwing, weight lifting, jumping, vaulting, archery, bicycling, 
fencing, football, baseball, gymnastics, hockey, lacrosse, tennis, canoe- 
ing, rowing, polo, racquets, shooting, skating, swimming, wrestling, 
yachting, motor races, basket ball, and other tests of skill, speed, and 
strength. 



Amateur Athletic Uxiox of the United States, 

New York City, February 10, 1911. 
Mr. Wm. A. Schlobohm, 

~W ashing ton D. C. 
My Dear Schlobohm: Your communication of the 9th has been 
received and noted. I am sending you to-night under separate cover 
copies of the Athletic Almanac for three years, containing matter 
in relation to the Olympic games. On page 51 of the book on Olympic 
games in Athens, 1906, you will find that the French, Swedish. 
Austrian, and German teams did receive government help. The 



INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC GAMES. 31 

Greek Government did appropriate in the neighborhood of a couple 
of hundred thousand dollars to finance the games. 
Yours, very truly, 

James E. Sullivan. 

Secretary -Treasurer. 



[Extract, p. 51, Olympian games, 1006, by James E. Sullivan.] 

It certainly must have been pleasing to the Greek committee, particularly 
His Royal Highness the crown prince, to have every government of the world 
cooperate with him and the Greek committee toward making the Olympic games 
of 1906 the most remarkable function in the history of Olympic games since 
their revival. 

The Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, officially recog- 
nized the Olympic games by the appointment of a commissioner. England, 
Germany, France, Sweden, Holland, Norway, Denmark, and other countries 
were likewise represented by one or more commissioners; thus giving to the 
Olympic games of 1906 an official standing that they never had before. 

The fact that the governments officially recognized the Olympic games proves 
conclusively that the international Olympic games of the future will be more 
than mere athletic functions. The Olympic games of 1906 also proved that 
many governments did more than officially recognize the Olympic games ; for 
many of the teams that visited Athens during 1906 had part of their expenses 
defrayed by their government. 

The American team was sent on money received by popular subscription ; and 
much of this money was raised owing to the fact that our worthy President, 
the Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, approved of the plan and accepted the position 
of honorary president of the American Olympic committee. 

The English team also had their expenses paid, or part of them, to the 
Olympic games by popular subscription. 

Sweden's team, numbering 90 men, received 5,000 kronens from the Govern- 
ment; and they raised, by private subscription, 5,000 kronens more. 

The French team received 10,000 francs ($2,500) from the Government, and 
3,000 francs ($750) from the city of Paris. 

The Government of Norway gave 3,000 kronens ($810) toward the expenses 
of their team. 

The Austrian team received from the city of Vienna a donation of 1,000 
kronens ($200). Twenty-nine men represented Austria. 

The team from Germany received from the Government 12.000 marks 
($2,850) ; the balance came from subscription. No less than 19 men on the 
German team paid their own expenses. 

A great deal of credit must be given to the Greek committee for its liberal 
contribution to each foreign committee. It contributed liberally toward the 
expenses of all teams that competed in the Olympic games. 



Washington, D. C, February 13, 1911. 
Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions, 

House of Representatives, Washington, D. G. 

Gentlemen : During the hearings on H. E. 32176 before your 
committee on February 10 the question was raised as to whether or 
not any of the funds of the United States had been used for athletic 
purposes in connection with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at 
which the Olympian games of 1904 were held. I beg to call your 
attention to the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission filed on February 8, 1906, and published as Senate Docu- 
ment 202, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. 

On page 143, under Exhibit G, for construction, it will be seen 
that $16,000 was expended for the construction of the field and track 



LIBRARY OF CONGI 



: 2 DrrKR-N-AUOXAX, OLYMPIC GAMES. A a ^ a JAfl - 

020 108 5 

~hich the games — ere held. Page 1-". under head of exhibits 

division. Exhibit J shows a further expenditure for physical cul- 

_ £57.576.53. This will show that a total of ovei J103/XX was 

bed :o physical training at that expositiorL 

Qn page 142, Exiii:::: F. miseellai.e ms collections, will show a 

refund of (3,41 5-31 from the physical- culrure fund. 

The final report of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Oommiasion, 
filed February 23. 1909. Senate Document 735. Sixtieth C 
5r_ >nd session, shows that S3 .000 was spent for the construction of the 
athletic field, while the contests held there can in no way be com- 
pared with the world-wide attention the international Olympian 
games ~H11 am: 

Thanking you for your courtesy in hearing the claims of Cleve- 
land for the 191€ Olympian games, and trusting to receive a favor- 
able report. I am. 

Eespectfullv. TTai. A. ScHXOBomi. 



CrV 



7X1^ 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



III 



020 108 5S0 9 * 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



